Fluids

The following topics on fluids are considered prerequisite knowledge for the civil engineering MSc-program:

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Mechanics of fluids

Subject	Topic category / Learning objectives	Open Educational Resources[1]	Remarks
Mechanics of fluids	Hydrostatics: Pressure forces, vertical force, and pressure forces on inclined surfaces. ➤ Student can: - Make calculations of pressures, piezometric levels and horizontal and vertical forces on walls in a stationary fluid	- Fluids – Lecture 2 Notes[2] - Hydrostatic (fluid) pressure[3] - Excercise 1 - Excercise 2 - Excercise 3	-Lecture notes: hydrostatic equation - Make sure you check out the excercises.
	Pascal’s law, Torricelli’s experiment, and Archimedes’ principle. ➤ Student can: - Determine the pressure exerted by a fluid - Determine the time to fill or empty a barrel using Bernoulli to come to Torricelli equation. - Determine the bouyant force in a fluid.	- Pascal’s law[4] - Torricelli’s experiment[5] - Archimedes principle and buoyant force[6] - What is buoyant force? [6]	- Make sure you check out the excercises on Archimedes principle!

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Fluid dynamics

Subject	Topic category / Learning objectives	Open Educational Resources[1]	Remarks
Fluid dynamics	Fluid properties ➤ Student can: - Indicate how water differs from other (liquid) substances and how the liquid properties influence the flow, using dimensionless key figures	- Fluid properties[7]	- Basics of Fluid Mechanics: Introduction chapters 1.1, 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5.
	Euler equations and application to fluid mechanics, Lagrangian and Eulerian derivatives, streamlines, and Reynolds number ➤ Student can: - Understand and analyze the trajectory of a water particle, streamlines and streamtubes and also determine the spatial derivatives of these in a natural coordinate system and in a Cartesian coordinate system, - Determine the relationship between pressure (differences) and speed (changes) of a water particle	- Euler’s Equation of Motion[8] - Streamlines, Pathlines, and Streaklines: Eulerian vs. Lagrangian[9] - Reynolds number: laminar vs turbulent flow[9]
	Euler and Bernoulli ➤ Student can: - Apply the Euler and Bernoulli equation in the correct context and known the assumptions related to the use of these equations.	- What is Bernoulli’s equation?[6] - Bernoulli equation[2]	-Bernoulli equation and its applications

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Open channels

Subject	Topic category / Learning objectives	Open Educational Resources[1]	Remarks
Open channel hydraulics	Balance equations (mass, momentum, energy) ➤ Student can: - Calculate forces and energy dissipation during cross-sectional changes in open channels and pipes, but also for situations involving siphons, pumps and turbines.	- Integral balance equations[10]
	Friction ➤ Student can: - Calculate the shear stress distribution and wall resistance for laminar and turbulent flows. - Analyze and calculate the total resistance, hydraulic head, pressure profile and required pump power in closed pipes.		In progress
	Morphology ➤ Student can: - to broadly describe sediment transport and its relationship to morphology, both qualitatively and quantitatively.		In progress
Open channel flow	Backwater physcis and backwater equation ➤ Student can: - Determine backwater curves in open channels using the concepts of critical and equilibrium depth. - Determine the effects of local changes (eg: discharge withdrawal, culverts, bridges) on the backwater curves in an open channel.	- Backwater curve[12]
	Shallow water equations ➤ Student can: - Understand and apply the shallow water equations to model and analyze fluid flow in shallow water systems.	- Shallow water equations[13]
	Waves ➤ Student can: - Use the principles of wave theory, predict wave conditions based on wind and propagation in open water.	- Waves in fluids[14]
	Interaction with control structures ➤ Student can: - Describe and interpret the flow pattern around rigid bodies (such as bridge pillars or buildings), using the Reynolds number and the concepts of boundary layer, detachment and wake formation. - Calculate the forces on rigid bodies in a current (bridge pier, building).		In progress…
	Flood wave propagation ➤ Student can: - Comprehend and model flood wave propagation, demonstrating the ability to analyze the movement and behavior of flood waves in different hydrological scenarios.		In progress…
	Tidal propagation ➤ Student can: - Analyze and predict tidal propagation, showcasing the ability to understand the movement and behavior of tidal waves in various coastal and marine environments.		In progress…

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[1] (1,2,3)

This is an experimental Jupyter Book, part of an educational research project, made by staff and MSc students of TU Delft. The first three columns with required prior knowledge were defined by the admission committee Civil Engineering. The final column with Open Educational Resources (OER) is experimental. This OER materials are provided as a service. Although we did our best to collect OER that reflect the required knowledge as good as possible, based on surveys among students and discussion with staff members, unfortunately we can not give a guarantee that the quality of all material is good. Suggestions are welcome via email

[2] (1,2)

MIT Open Courseware. (2005). Lecture 2 notes Fluid mechanics.

[3]

Less boring lectures. (2021). Engineering mechanics lecture videos.

[4]

Hodanbosi, C. (1996). Pascal’s principle and hydraulics. NASA.

[5]

Notes from Purdue University.

[6] (1,2,3)

Khan Academy (2023). Fluids online course.

[7]

Bar-Meir, G. (2010). Basics of Fluid Mechanics. USA.

[8]

MECH Tech . (2018). Fluid mechanics lecture videos.

[9] (1,2)

Less boring lectures. (2021). Fluid mechanics lecture videos.

[10]

CBE 6333 Levicky, R. (-). Integral (Macroscopic) balance equations.

[12]

Civilian Thoughts (2020). Applied hydraulic engineering lecture videos.

[13]

Dawson, C., Mirabito, C. (2008). Shallow water equations lecture slides. University of Texas at Austin.

[14]

Bryson, A. (1972). Film notes for waves in fluids. National Committee for Fluid Mechanics Films no. 21611.